Argumentative Essay怎么寫？

眾多留學(xué)生作業(yè)寫作類型中，ArgumentativeEssay(議論文)就是施展你的個人想法最佳方法。很多同學(xué)不知道ArgumentativeEssay怎么寫或者怎么寫好Argumentative Essay。

Argumentative Essay是什么?

國外的argumentative essay和國內(nèi)的議論文都是很常見的作業(yè)形式。與其他essay種類比起來，argumentative essay的目的是傳達(dá)作者對某個問題或某件事表達(dá)自己的立場和個人態(tài)度。通過對于論文主題進(jìn)行評論，作者務(wù)必要提出thesis statement (論文陳述)并應(yīng)用真實可靠論據(jù)與推理來證明它。Argumentative essay基本要求包括：
1）簡潔論點 (是你的主張，你的個人態(tài)度);
2）論據(jù)恰當(dāng) (必須具有實際意義，與主題和你的論點相關(guān));
3）具有邏輯性的論證。

Argumentative Essay結(jié)構(gòu)：三種文體

上文是argumentative essay的一種概括。但如果留學(xué)生愿意更為深入了解議論文結(jié)構(gòu)與寫作形式，請往下看。Argumentative essay其實非常多種多樣，每個學(xué)子都會找到適合個人寫作風(fēng)格的議論文。比如說，我們可以先提出一個論點，然后以故事論述支撐本論點并對其是非進(jìn)行分析。也可以以兩個不同論點對照開始，采用比較法對于對立的主張確定正確和錯誤，于是在結(jié)論歸納出自己的看法。

第一種：CLASSICAL ARGUMENT
起源于亞里士多德辯證理論，本argumentative essay模型的目的是通過他人說服贏得辯論。為了證明自己觀點絕對的正確性，小伙伴需要按照下面六個要素進(jìn)行寫作：

第一，引起讀者的注意力。介紹人們關(guān)心的疑問，為了你的論點奠定基礎(chǔ);

第二，論述背景，即為了解決主題制定的辯論我們應(yīng)該知道哪些事實？

第三，根據(jù)在第一和第二步提供的信息表明自己的觀點并指出下文將要講什么;

第四，提供論據(jù)和論證;

第五，我們都應(yīng)該考慮到對方的論據(jù)。因此，第五議論文的要素是反駁對方論據(jù)，這樣做著能避免論點的過度主觀性。

第六，為最重要的信息進(jìn)行歸納。再次回顧一下讓讀者接受你論點的論證

接下來，我以簡單英文對話展示議論文的classical argument模型：
1. Lucia! (第一，引起注意力)
2. Stop teasing your sister. She had a tough day at dancing class. (第二，背景)
3. If I hear you gloat about getting a lead role in the play one more time, you are going to be punished. (第三，論點)
4. In the past 20 minutes you have mentioned it three times already. She is crying in her room. She knows that you’ll be Elza in winter play. You are just being mean （第四，論據(jù)）
5. I know she never misses a chance to tease you with her straight A on math too, but you have to set a good example for her （第五，反駁對方的論點）
6. If you say one more thing about that winter play, I will put you in timeout. I don’t care if we are in a supermarket and your friends are watching. （第六，歸納和總結(jié)）

第二種：ROGERIAN ARGUMENT
美國心理學(xué)家Carl Rogers曾今啟發(fā)了辭修學(xué)家創(chuàng)造一種新辯證方式，即首先需要充分了解對方的觀點，然后才提出自己的。就像classical argument模型那樣，rogerian argument也必須包含幾項主要要素：
第一，介紹所需要解決的問題;

第二，對于對方觀點進(jìn)行概括，盡量避免語言感情色彩，以此表示對對立看法的尊重;

第三， 承認(rèn)對方觀點的合理性。哪些對立看法的論據(jù)你會同意？哪些論據(jù)連會與他人分享？

第四，清晰地提出自己的論點;

第五，陳述所持觀點的情景。指出一下，在哪種情況下你的觀點是100%正確的，以此表示并承認(rèn)他人最可能不會總是同意你的立場，反而這可能是與對方達(dá)成共識的機(jī)會;

第六，列出你觀點所帶來的益處。展示對方從接受你的主張如何能夠受益，這樣你的寫作結(jié)尾充滿著希望和樂觀語氣。
1. Lucia, you still haven’t finished your homework. (提出所存在的問題);
2. I know that you really want to go out and eat that chocolate ice-cream (概括對方的論據(jù));
3. If you had all of your homework done, you could go and play as much as you want (承認(rèn)對方觀點合理性);
4. At this moment, I need you to finish your homework. When you are done, you can have some ice-cream. (闡述你的立場);
5. I’ll fill in a bowl with ice-cream and put it in the fridge for you, so you can eat it as soon as you finish. (描述你觀點的情景);
6. When you finish your homework, you can go out until bedtime, and you will have good grades in school. (對方能夠受到的益處)

第三種：TOULMIN ARGUMENT
這種argumentative essay模型最適合學(xué)術(shù)寫作，也不算簡單。英國哲學(xué)家Stephen Toulmin提出的論辯框架如下：
1）論點：就像我們平時寫的主旨句，是我們的觀點和立場;
2）論據(jù)：統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)、常識和經(jīng)驗觀察等被用于支持主張;
3）保證：可視為一種理論上的規(guī)則，確保論據(jù)能夠使主張成立;
4）保證補(bǔ)強(qiáng)成分：是論點推理規(guī)則的補(bǔ)強(qiáng)成分和附加成分;
5）限定：限定主張成立的條件;
6）例外：指出反例。

1. Lucia, I know that last time you took a shower on Monday. It’s Thursday now (論據(jù));
2. You need to take a shower. (論點);
3. You are starting to get stinky. Your hair is looking very messy. (保證);
4. Birds will build a nest in your hair if it isn’t clean and brushed. You also will get known as a stinky girl at school. (保證補(bǔ)強(qiáng)成分);
5. I know that Dad always says that you smell like cinnamon and sugar, but you are getting a little ripe. (限定);
6. You are doing great in school and you behave, but you still have to take a shower.
(例外).

如何選擇Argumentative Essay題目？
你的議論文題目需要是debatable，以便你可以找到它的論點和反論點。比如說，“People needs air to breathe;” 的話題并沒有什么值得辯論的，但“Students don’t need homework to succeed”可能會奏效。
此外，論文題目應(yīng)具有說服力，具備有力的證據(jù)和至少兩種對立的觀點，并這種應(yīng)用有說服力的語言撰寫論文，以便讀者能看到問題兩個方面，并采納他們最喜歡的立場。
最好選擇你感興趣的主題。調(diào)整你的論點并列出你將用支持論據(jù)的要點。另外，你還需要列出你論點的反駁觀點，并為其收集證據(jù)。在你的論文中，兩個不同方面都要描述，但要嘗試證明你的論點是唯一正確的。

DEBATABLE

你的任務(wù)不僅是提供有關(guān)某件事情的一般信息，而且要激勵讀者繼續(xù)對此主題進(jìn)行討論。你需要找到一個能夠擴(kuò)大人們視野并允許他們以新的視角看待它的主題。辯Argumentative essay是關(guān)于覆蓋硬幣（主題）的兩個側(cè)面。例如：
錯: George Clooney is the most handsome actor. (有人會不同意時，你幾乎找不到足夠可信的證據(jù)來證明或反對這一事實.)
Rare animals are in danger today. (這是事實，這里沒有什么可以辯論的)
正: People need marijuana for better health. (你可以找到該主題的論點和反論點.)
Positive features of communism.
Why Equal Rights Amendments for women failed.
主要目的并不是說服讀者支持你的論點(though it would be great!), 而是要表明該主題是值得討論的。
選擇DEBATABLE議論文題目的竅門:
1. 選擇你了解并可以對其表達(dá)自己意見的主題。
2. 避免難以辯論的話題。
3. 考慮到你的讀者. 誰能讀你的論文？他們會如何看待這個話題？
4. 他們對討論該主題會感興趣嗎？
5. 確保你有足夠的事實和證據(jù)來支持該主題的論點和反論點。
6. 避免使用充滿感情色彩的主題。清晰地討論它們可能很困難。
7. 不怕冒險。嘗試討論其他人會避免的爭議性主題。
8. 頭腦風(fēng)暴你的環(huán)境。你最近遇到了其他人認(rèn)為忌諱的話題嗎？你是否有與任何人討論過任何爭議性的話題？為什么不可以在論文中涵蓋這些主題？

Argumentative Essay題目參考

為了使argumentative essay成功，其主題必須是辯論性的，而不是說明性的。這意味著你不應(yīng)選擇任何常識或過于籠統(tǒng)的論點?？紤]一下政治，性別問題，氣候變化，教育辯論，文化，動物權(quán)利或宗教等領(lǐng)域。

教育
What educational system is better: teacher- or student-centered one?
Pros and cons of classical education in schools
Do we need sports activities in college or let it be for academic purposes only?
How does gender affect education?
Does homeschooling make children less educative than their peers from traditional schools?
Why U.S. education is weaker than in other countries’
Should students be friends with their professors?
Why students with special needs shouldn’t be taught separately

技術(shù)
Why we still need paper books in the Internet era
How online money change the way people do business worldwide
The influence of artificial intelligence creation on evolution
Do technologies destroy our language and physical communication?
Can we live without smartphones today?
How social media networks become news makers and what the consequences might be
Should parents control their kids’ use of the Internet?
Is there a risk that robots at work will lead to the enormous jobless rate

體育
Do elite sportsmen deserve their enormous income?
Why colleges spend so much money on sports programs
Do sports have any effect on students’ academic level?
Why we continue shaming cheerleaders for what they do
Should sports bets be banned from the industry?
What to do with a salary gap in male and female sports
Chess is a real sport to train the most important muscle in the human body
Why we need to stop using animals in sports

性別問題
The biggest challenges for women in the workplace
Why should men suffer from others’ prejudices about masculinity
Is legal prostitution a woman’s rights issue?
Why religious institutions believe they have a right for birth control
What is the biggest challenge for female politicians?
Should abortion be legal?
Why we still consider it’s not okay for men to take maternity leave
Who said that “a real man” and “a real woman” look like this?

心理
How emotional state depends on our past memories
Should we believe in precognitive dreams?
Is mid-life crisis real?
Why “just do it” mantra doesn’t work
How culturally diverse classrooms help broaden our minds
Why music can be the best medicine from stresses
That’s how optimism can prevent us from self-growth
Chocolate as a cure from depression: true or false?

動物
Why stop dressing your pets like humans
Is it ethical to keep exotic animals at home?
Should we prohibit using animals for entertainment?
Why keeping animals in zoos is inhumane
What can be an alternative to using animals for medical studies?
What’s so special about pandas, so people consider them #1 species to protect?
Should be people who leave their pets outside or in shelters punished?
Why some fashion brands continue using fur and see nothing wrong with that

健康
What’s wrong with the idea of free healthcare for everyone
When it’s okay to perform medical experiments on people
What can we do to cope with constantly increasing aging population
Should the whole healthcare system become private?
Is it ethical to forcibly quarantine people who have terminal illnesses?
How the social and economic environment affect people’s health in the 21st century
Can we call coffee or chocolate addictions a disease?
Is it okay to use medical knowledge that was gained from unethical experiments?

道德問題 (ethics)
Should we legalize prostitution/drug use?
Is it okay to lie to someone to not hurt their feelings?
Is it right for a college to have racial quotas that benefit minorities?
Why far from all people agree to recognize homosexuality a norm
Can we make reference to religion when speaking about women’s rights and freedoms?
Should a person be allowed a gun for defending his home from robbers?
Why it’s okay to eat cows while it’s wrong to eat cats
Is it ethical for a doctor to say no to a patient unable to pay for surgery?
When fast food can be considered healthy
What was first, a chicken or an egg?
Do we live better than our grandparents?
Why nothing can substitute money as a way to control exchange relations
Should we say no to fixed schedules in school and at work?
Is legalization of weed really beneficial to the economy?
Why emotional intelligence is more important today to have
Should a person know the exact date of his depart?