編寫英文論文的情況下，學(xué)員常常必須搜集對(duì)畢業(yè)論文很重要，但不值直接引用的情況類的內(nèi)容?？墒窃S多學(xué)員擔(dān)憂的難題便是“怎樣防止畢業(yè)論文turnitin論文查重時(shí)的高重復(fù)率?”。在這類狀況下，學(xué)員必須開(kāi)展英語(yǔ)論文改變，因此大伙兒何不把握一些paraphrase方法。“Paraphrase”，即“改述”，就是指用你自己的語(yǔ)匯獲取并轉(zhuǎn)述另一個(gè)源代碼的語(yǔ)匯。那樣，在保存原文的意思另外，能夠防止生搬硬套全文用語(yǔ)的狀況，進(jìn)而減少查重率。但是，寫多了以后，許多留學(xué)生會(huì)感覺(jué)如果不照搬模擬題，都無(wú)法說(shuō)話之道了。但假如你的畢業(yè)論文上都只應(yīng)用好多個(gè)關(guān)鍵字，教師一看就了解你的英語(yǔ)詞匯量很差、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力太弱。難題就來(lái)了，大家究竟該怎樣paraphrase呢?怎樣防止經(jīng)常應(yīng)用關(guān)鍵字(key words)呢?今日小編來(lái)共享一下幾類合理的句子改述方式和關(guān)鍵字更換方法，并且出示能夠替代“造成”(to cause)這一在英文論文中較為常用語(yǔ)的單詞表。我們一起來(lái)學(xué)“說(shuō)話之道”!

改述的整體構(gòu)思

Paraphrase的全過(guò)程一般能夠分成下列七個(gè)流程：

1.把文章內(nèi)容細(xì)心讀幾次;

2.找到它的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn);

3.隨后把原文章內(nèi)容放到一邊;

4.嘗試在不要看全文的狀況下要你自己得話再次寫成關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。也就是說(shuō)，便是為自己解釋一下你讀的本文。

5.寫完后，把改述的文稿放到一邊，繼續(xù)看別的的物品，或是做別的的事兒。將你的專注力遷移到別的事兒上就可以了，這會(huì)使你與全文中間造成間距。還可以說(shuō)，使你保持清醒一下，刪掉對(duì)全文的記憶力。如果你回到回來(lái)，你能有一個(gè)全新升級(jí)的角度。你對(duì)全文的精確記憶力會(huì)在某種意義上消退，你能更非常容易致力于自身的用語(yǔ)和句子成分。

6.這時(shí)，還是不要看全文，將你paraphrase的文稿潤(rùn)飾一下。在這個(gè)全過(guò)程中，你能發(fā)覺(jué)你一直在用自身的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力原文的意思。

7.編寫之后，將你改述的文稿與全文開(kāi)展較為?？匆幌率遣皇悄愀氖龅奈母迥芫_傳遞原文的意思。也有他們的不同點(diǎn)是不是足夠防止剽竊的行為。

這種流程會(huì)讓你產(chǎn)生非常大的協(xié)助，使你提升畢業(yè)論文的原創(chuàng)度，成功通過(guò)turnitin論文查重。turnitin一直是留學(xué)生使用的比較多的一個(gè)查重系統(tǒng)，小編這里有一份turnitin的免費(fèi)使用教程：http://www.baydue.com/news/tools/120.html，有需要的同學(xué)可以看一下哦。下邊大家來(lái)探討改述的具體做法。

改述的具體做法

1.把積極句變成被動(dòng)句，相反把被動(dòng)句變成積極句

那樣的含意就是把本來(lái)的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的順敘錯(cuò)亂一下，而且把形容詞變成處于被動(dòng)方式。可是還要留意不必更改原話的含意哦!

2.更改詞性

英語(yǔ)中的語(yǔ)匯，大部分全是好幾個(gè)詞性并存的，由于她們的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換全是一樣的。有時(shí)候我們可以把她們互用。因此在我們要想應(yīng)用一個(gè)名詞的意思的情況下，我們可以換做它的形容詞來(lái)開(kāi)展描述。

Original:

Current political and economic incentives favor industry and other interest groups at the expense of health:consider the subsidies paid for corn-based agriculture and mass-produced processed foods,the tobacco revenue generated in countries with a government-owned tobacco industry,industrial growth in the face of environmental pollution,and the spread of the sedentary automobile-and-television culture.

(Source:Venkat Narayan,K.M.,Ali,M.K.,and Koplan,J.(2010,September 23).Global noncomunicable diseases–where worlds meet.The New England Journal of Medicine,363;13.1196-1198.Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Acceptable Paraphrase:Changed Voice and Changed Parts of Speech

Researchers point out that in attempting to implement economic growth,industry is often favored over health:government may subsidize certain forms of agriculture and food production,contribute to tobacco consumption in nations where it owns the industry and otherwise promote growth of industries that pollute.(Venkat Narayan et.al,2011).

3.把從句改成語(yǔ)句，相反把語(yǔ)句改成從句

在英語(yǔ)中我們可以把一個(gè)繁雜的復(fù)合型一段話切成好幾個(gè)小句子一樣，大家還可以把這些主句后邊的從句變成某一語(yǔ)句，或是把語(yǔ)句表達(dá)的意思改變成一句從句。

Original:

The prevalence and impact of non-communicable diseases continue to grow.Chronic diseases account for 60%of all deaths worldwide,and 80%of these deaths occur in low-or middle-income countries,where the toll is disproportionate during the prime productive years of youth and middle age.

(Source:Venkat Narayan,K.M.,,Ali,M.K.,and Koplan,J.(2010,September 23).Global noncomunicable diseases–where worlds meet.The New England Journal of Medicine,363;13.1196-1198.Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Acceptable paraphrase:Changed Clause to Phrase

The increasing spread of non-communicable diseases can be seen in figures that show these diseases are responsible for 60%of all deaths on the planet,and that in countries where the population is primarily of low or middle income,the impact is greatest,often focusing on those who are young or middle-aged(Venkat Narayan et.al,2011).

4.更改句子的結(jié)構(gòu)

關(guān)鍵就是指把語(yǔ)句的表述次序錯(cuò)亂一下。例如把倒序的語(yǔ)句改成順敘的語(yǔ)句，可是在更改以后，必須留意一下左右句的聯(lián)接，不必太生澀。假如必須用些承前啟后的句子來(lái)融入過(guò)多。

5.把全部非通用性的英語(yǔ)單詞應(yīng)用近義詞

你需要記牢，不論是漢語(yǔ)的文章內(nèi)容還是英文的文章內(nèi)容，他們都很避諱多次重復(fù)使用某一個(gè)詞或是語(yǔ)句來(lái)描述同一個(gè)含意。在我們想改述一篇文章時(shí)，大家更應(yīng)當(dāng)留意這一點(diǎn)，更要防止出現(xiàn)和全文類同的好幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)。

Original:

Like drought,excess rainfall and flooding can also contribute to epidemics of waterborne infectious diseases,in this case due to poor sanitation resulting from runoff from overwhelmed sewage lines or the contamination of water by livestock.

(Source:Shuman,E.,M.D.(2010,March 25).Global climate change and infectious diseases.New England Journal of Medicine;362,12,1061-1063.Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Acceptable paraphrase:Used synonyms

An overabundance of rainfall can also be a factor in spreading infectious diseases carried by water,usually as a result of overflowing sewers and pollution from farm animals(Shuman,2010).

Acceptable paraphrase:Changed sentence structure

When there is an overabundance of rainfall,two situations can occur:sewers can overflow and water can become polluted by the presence of livestock,both of which can lead to outbreaks of waterborne diseases(Shuman,2010).

6.以上五種方式的綜合性應(yīng)用

值得一提的是，paraphrase的目地便是再次描述信息內(nèi)容，使原文的意思出現(xiàn)在你自己的文章中，而不用全文的用語(yǔ)。

Original:

We do not yet understand all the ways in which brain chemicals are related to emotions and thoughts,but the salient point is that our state of mind has an immediate and direct effect on our state of body.

(Source:Siegel,B.(1986).Love,Medicine and Miracles(p.69).New York:Harper and Row.)

Acceptable paraphrase#1:

Siegel(1986)writes that although the relationship between brain chemistry and thoughts and feelings is not fully understood,we do know that our psychological state affects our physical state.

寫作者應(yīng)用了什么改述方式?

應(yīng)用了近義詞;

更改了句子成分;

把形容詞變成處于被動(dòng)方式;

引入來(lái)源于。

Acceptable paraphrase#2:

Siegel(1986)writes that the relationship between the chemicals in the brain and our thoughts and feelings remains only partially understood.He goes on to say,however,that one thing is clear:our mental state affects our bodily state.

寫作者應(yīng)用了什么改述方式?

應(yīng)用了近義詞;

更改了句子成分(一個(gè)繁雜的語(yǔ)句變?yōu)闉?個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句子);

把形容詞變成處于被動(dòng)方式;

更改了詞性;

引入來(lái)源于。

擁有之上這些方式，還是不足的。最重要的是多訓(xùn)練，多去剖析這些不成功的改述實(shí)例，便于大家大量地小結(jié)出自身的一套科學(xué)方法論，進(jìn)而把查重率操縱在最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。